Meltwater glacial waters and rivers #001

During periods of decreasing ice cover, meltwater flowed from the edge of the ice. These waters contained a mass of solid particles of various sizes, from the finest silt and sand to boulders over 1 m in diameter. All this loose material was pulled out of the ice body or carried out of the glacier bed. Meltwater accumulated at the edge of the ice in the depressions of the relief or flowed down in muddy streams. In places, these streams moved along the edge of the ice. If there were no obstacles to the flow, they spread out fan—shaped, partially falling into the valley floor, creating elongated stripes - valley zanders. In the interfluves, meltwater formed trickling streams that quickly dried up and changed their planned position. They left sand cones of outflow and sand fields — marginal sanders. A significant part of the meltwater remained inside the glacial zone, forming temporary flows around the remaining blocks of ice. In their place, sections of the inner zanders were then preserved, and lakes were located in the depressions. The meltwater of the Dnieper century was concentrated mainly in the valleys of large rivers. They flowed in depressions between the edge of the ice and the slopes of the adjacent hills. Streams from the slopes of the Volga Central Russian uplands were directed towards the valley depressions. Powerful streams flowing from the edge of the valley glaciers down the valley mixed with river waters and created an alluvium consisting of sand with an admixture of silty particles. This alluvium forms the highest terraces in the Dnieper and Volga valleys. The absence of typical sandra sands in their structure does not allow the terraces to be called valley sandra. Typical marginal zanders in the area of the Dnieper glaciation were also not developed.


This was influenced by the peculiarities of the marginal zone of the glacier, which produced large blades along the river valleys. In the conditions of the leveled relief of the Russian plain in the Moscow century, meltwater could flow freely from the edge of the glacier. In the marginal zone, meltwater flows have left shallow runoff hollows, flanked by soft slopes with concave slopes. The wider flat-bottomed hollows of meltwater runoff are now often used by small rivers. Flowing from one hollow to another, the rivers make sharp turns. The meandering of modern rivers in the area of the Moscow glaciation is often also due to the fact that the hollows ended in a lake depression. After the drainage of the glacial lakes, the river, crossing the depression, changed its path. Modern rivers make a sharp turn on the site of the former lake. Some of the lakes have survived to our time. Lakes Nero and Pleshcheyevo are notable for their considerable depth, which arose in the hollows on the site of the Dolednikovaya riverbed. Some lakes that used to receive meltwater runoff existed even before the glaciation. This is Lake Svetloyar in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, in which, according to legend, the "grad Kitezh" sank. On its picturesque shores, in the silence of a summer evening, the sound of bells coming from under the water would not seem surprising. The lake's depth (up to 28 m) and rounded shape may indicate its karst origin. The drainage basin ends at the lake. It is very likely that the meltwater seeping here into the cracks of Permian limestones left solid material on their surface. The limestone roof later sank into the blurred voids of the rock, forming a funnel-shaped lake basin. This could have happened in historical times, when there was a settlement here. Only a small part of the thawed glacial waters of the Moskovsky glacier remained in the lake basins. Account verification is mandatory before your first withdrawal at 1xBet. A player who used the activation 1xbet promo code for registration must upload copies of identification documents to confirm their identity. This typically includes a passport, driver's license, or national ID card. You may also need to confirm your payment method by providing screenshots or photos of your card or e-wallet account. Verification is done through your personal account in the "Profile" section. Without verification, withdrawal requests remain blocked, even if you have fully wagered your bonus.